This interactive slider-based application is designed for medical professionals and students to systematically review pediatric skull X-ray findings. It provides categorized information on various conditions affecting the pediatric skull, including congenital, metabolic, genetic, and more. Each category contains specific conditions with characteristic radiological features, allowing users to enhance their diagnostic skills and better understand the clinical implications of these findings. The app ensures easy navigation with "Next," "Previous," and "Reset" buttons, offering a structured learning experience.
With a user-friendly interface, this app serves as an educational resource to reinforce knowledge of pediatric skull abnormalities. The categorized approach enables quick access to relevant details, supporting medical professionals in identifying conditions such as craniosynostosis, microcephaly, rickets, and genetic disorders like achondroplasia and osteogenesis imperfecta. Whether used for exam preparation or clinical reference, this tool helps users develop a systematic approach to interpreting pediatric skull X-rays, improving diagnostic accuracy in real-world settings.
Congenital Conditions
Craniosynostosis - Sagittal
• Scaphocephaly (boat-shaped skull)• Obliteration of sagittal suture
• Increased anteroposterior diameter
• Narrow biparietal width
• Ridge along sagittal suture
Craniosynostosis - Coronal
• Brachycephaly or anterior plagiocephaly• Elevated orbital rim on affected side
• Harlequin eye appearance
• Contralateral frontal bossing
Metabolic Conditions
Rickets
• Craniotabes (skull softening)• Delayed closure of fontanelles
• Frontal bossing
• "Hot cross bun" skull appearance
• Thinning of outer table
Hypophosphatasia
• Wide cranial sutures• Large fontanelles
• Decreased mineralization
• Multiple wormian bones
• Craniosynostosis in severe cases
Genetic Disorders
Achondroplasia
• Macrocephaly• Frontal bossing
• Shortened skull base
• Small foramen magnum
• Narrow skull base
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Multiple wormian bones• Thin calvarium
• Multiple fractures
• Base skull deformities
• Platybasia
Hematologic Conditions
Thalassemia
• Hair-on-end appearance• Frontal bossing
• Expanded diploe
• Thin cortex
• Prominent skull base
Sickle Cell Disease
• Hair-on-end trabeculation• Diploe widening
• Thin outer table
• Increased marrow space
Congenital Conditions
Craniosynostosis - Sagittal
• Scaphocephaly (boat-shaped skull)• Obliteration of sagittal suture
• Increased anteroposterior diameter
• Narrow biparietal width
• Ridge along sagittal suture
Craniosynostosis - Coronal
• Brachycephaly or anterior plagiocephaly• Elevated orbital rim on affected side
• Harlequin eye appearance
• Contralateral frontal bossing
Craniosynostosis - Metopic
• Trigonocephaly• Prominent midline ridge
• Hypotelorism
• Narrow anterior cranial fossa
Craniosynostosis - Lambdoid
• Posterior plagiocephaly• Flattening of posterior skull
• Mastoid displacement
• Ipsilateral occipital bulge
Microcephaly
• Small cranial vault• Premature closure of sutures
• Normal skull thickness
• Proportionally large facial bones
Metabolic Conditions
Rickets
• Craniotabes (skull softening)• Delayed closure of fontanelles
• Frontal bossing
• "Hot cross bun" skull appearance
• Thinning of outer table
Hypophosphatasia
• Wide cranial sutures• Large fontanelles
• Decreased mineralization
• Multiple wormian bones
• Craniosynostosis in severe cases
Hypervitaminosis A
• Premature suture closure• Increased intracranial pressure signs
• Skull base sclerosis
• Cortical thickening
Genetic Disorders
Achondroplasia
• Macrocephaly• Frontal bossing
• Shortened skull base
• Small foramen magnum
• Narrow skull base
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Multiple wormian bones• Thin calvarium
• Multiple fractures
• Base skull deformities
• Platybasia
Crouzon Syndrome
• Craniosynostosis (multiple sutures)• Copper-beaten appearance
• Shallow orbits
• Maxillary hypoplasia
• Increased digital markings
Hematologic Conditions
Thalassemia
• Hair-on-end appearance• Frontal bossing
• Expanded diploe
• Thin cortex
• Prominent skull base
Sickle Cell Disease
• Hair-on-end trabeculation• Diploe widening
• Thin outer table
• Increased marrow space
Neoplastic Conditions
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
• Punched-out lytic lesions• Geographic skull defects
• Beveled edges
• Button sequestrum
• Multiple lesions common
Neuroblastoma Metastases
• Multiple lytic lesions• Irregular borders
• Asymmetric distribution
• Variable sizes
Ewing Sarcoma
• Permeative lytic lesions• Moth-eaten appearance
• Onion-skin periosteal reaction
• Soft tissue mass
Inflammatory/Infectious
Osteomyelitis
• Lytic lesions• Sequestration
• Periosteal reaction
• Soft tissue swelling
• Sclerotic margins in chronic cases
Tuberculous Osteitis
• Round lytic lesions• Minimal sclerosis
• Central sequestration
• Multiple lesions possible
Trauma
Linear Fracture
• Sharp, lucent line• No displacement
• Crosses suture lines
• May be branching
Depressed Fracture
• Inward displacement of bone• Step-off deformity
• Associated soft tissue swelling
• Possible underlying brain injury
Ping-Pong Fracture (Infant)
• Focal indentation• No cortical disruption
• Green-stick type deformity
• Common in newborns
Normal Variants
Wormian Bones
• Accessory sutural bones• Variable in size and number
• Most common in lambdoid suture
• May be normal finding
Persistent Mendosal Suture
• Horizontal suture in occipital bone• Usually fuses by age 2-6
• Can persist longer
• Bilateral and symmetric
Enlarged Parietal Foramina
• Symmetric lucencies• Located in parietal bones
• Well-defined margins
• May be familial
Endocrine Disorders
Hyperthyroidism
• Accelerated skull growth• Premature suture closure
• Advanced bone age
• Increased vascular markings
• Craniosynostosis risk
Hypothyroidism
• Delayed suture closure• Persistent fontanelles
• Delayed bone age
• Wormian bones
• Short skull base
Growth Hormone Excess
• Enlarged sella turcica• Thick calvarium
• Prominent frontal sinuses
• Enlarged mastoids
• Prognathism
Storage Disorders
Mucopolysaccharidosis
• J-shaped sella• Thick calvarium
• Enlarged skull
• Prominent frontal bones
• Sclerotic skull base
Gaucher Disease
• Osteopenia• Erlenmeyer flask deformity
• Lytic lesions
• Avascular necrosis
• Expanded diploe
Niemann-Pick Disease
• Cherry-red spot in macula• Osteoporosis
• Enlarged sella turcica
• Cranial nerve foramina changes
Skeletal Dysplasias
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
• Cloverleaf skull• Narrow foramen magnum
• Platybasia
• Short skull base
• Temporal bone abnormalities
Pyknodysostosis
• Persistent fontanelles• Wormian bones
• Increased bone density
• Obtuse mandibular angle
• Delayed suture closure
Osteopetrosis
• Dense sclerotic bone• Narrow skull base foramina
• "Bone within bone" appearance
• Increased fracture risk
• Mastoid sclerosis
Acquired Conditions
Hydrocephalus
• Enlarged skull• Splayed sutures
• "Copper beaten" appearance
• Erosion of dorsum sellae
• Macrocephaly
Chronic Raised Intracranial Pressure
• Deep digital impressions• Copper beaten skull
• Erosion of posterior clinoids
• Enlarged sella turcica
• Widened sutures
Radiation Effects
• Growth arrest• Sclerotic changes
• Lytic areas
• Asymmetric growth
• Reduced pneumatization
Vascular Conditions
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
• Tram-track calcifications• Unilateral cortical atrophy
• Asymmetric skull thickness
• Enlarged ipsilateral choroid plexus
• Calcified leptomeningeal angiomas
Arteriovenous Malformation
• Serpentine calcifications• Enlarged vascular channels
• Bone erosion
• Asymmetric skull thickness
• Local hypervascularity
Cranial Nerve Disorders
Optic Nerve Glioma
• Enlarged optic canal• Sphenoid wing dysplasia
• Orbital roof defects
• Increased intracranial pressure signs
Acoustic Neuroma (NF2)
• Enlarged internal auditory canal• Asymmetric IAC size
• Possible erosion
• Associated skull base changes
Birth-Related Findings
Cephalohematoma
• Subperiosteal calcification• Double contour sign
• Limited by suture lines
• Resolution changes over weeks
Birth Canal Molding
• Overlapping sutures• Temporary skull deformation
• Step-offs at sutures
• Normal variant in newborns
Vacuum Extraction Effects
• Focal soft tissue swelling• Potential subgaleal hemorrhage
• Skull deformation
• Potential fracture risk
Post-Surgical Findings
VP Shunt Track
• Burr hole defect• Catheter track
• Potential calcification along track
• Skull remodeling around entry
Craniotomy Changes
• Surgical defects• Bone flap changes
• Metal fixation devices
• Remodeling patterns
Post-Cranioplasty
• Artificial materials• Integration patterns
• Edge changes
• Growth accommodation
Bone Marrow Disorders
Osteopetrosis - Malignant Infantile
• Diffuse bone sclerosis• "Bone-in-bone" appearance
• Narrowed foramina
• Increased fracture risk
• Progressive macrocephaly
Diamond-Blackfan Anemia
• Hair-on-end appearance• Widened diploe
• Osteopenia
• Delayed bone age
• Thin cortex
Fanconi Anemia
• Microcephaly• Thumb anomalies
• Thin cortical bone
• Osteoporosis
• Growth retardation
Chromosomal Disorders
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
• Brachycephaly• Small sella turcica
• Flattened occiput
• Hypoplastic sinuses
• Delayed suture closure
Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome)
• Prominent occiput• Small anterior fontanelle
• Micrognathia
• Prominent sutures
• Delayed ossification
Turner Syndrome
• Short posterior cranial base• Steep cranial base angle
• Small maxillary sinuses
• Retrognathic mandible
Cranial Base Abnormalities
Basilar Invagination
• Upward displacement of odontoid• Platybasia
• Shortened clivus
• Increased skull base angle
• Associated syringomyelia
Chiari Malformation
• Small posterior fossa• Basilar impression
• Platybasia
• Hydrocephalus changes
• Syrinx-related changes
Atlas Assimilation
• Fusion of atlas to occiput• Short clivus
• Basilar invagination
• Foramen magnum stenosis
Syndromic Craniosynostosis
Apert Syndrome
• Turribrachycephaly• Midface hypoplasia
• Shallow orbits
• "Harlequin" appearance
• Digital impressions
Pfeiffer Syndrome
• Cloverleaf skull (type 2)• Turribrachycephaly
• Exorbitism
• Midface hypoplasia
• Multiple suture synostosis
Carpenter Syndrome
• Acrocephaly• Tower skull
• Multiple suture synostosis
• Midface hypoplasia
• Orbital hypertelorism
Developmental Anomalies
Encephalocele
• Skull defect• Herniated meninges/brain
• Associated hydrocephalus
• Microcephaly possible
• Bone dysplasia
Frontonasal Dysplasia
• Widened nasal bridge• Orbital hypertelorism
• Bifid nose
• Cranium bifidum
• Midline defects
Holoprosencephaly
• Microcephaly• Hypotelorism
• Midline defects
• Absent nasal bones
• Ethmoid aplasia
Miscellaneous Rare Conditions
Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome
• Wormian bones• Basilar impression
• Persistent sutures
• Dolichocephaly
• Platybasia
CLOVE Syndrome
• Megalencephaly• Asymmetric growth
• Vascular malformations
• Skull asymmetry
• Enhanced bone growth
Proteus Syndrome
• Asymmetric skull growth• Hyperostosis
• Enlarged sinuses
• Hemimegalencephaly
• Progressive changes
Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity
Early Findings
• Osteopenia• Thin cortices
• Delayed mineralization
• Fuzzy trabeculation
• Craniotabes
Late Findings
• Rachitic changes• Cupping of metaphyses
• Fractures
• Growth plate widening
• Healing features
Post-Infectious Changes
Congenital CMV
• Intracranial calcifications• Microcephaly
• Periventricular pattern
• Growth restriction
• Ventriculomegaly
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
• Scattered calcifications• Hydrocephalus
• Microcephaly possible
• Chorioretinitis calcifications
Post-Meningitis
• Subdural calcifications• Hydrocephalus changes
• Bone destruction possible
• Vascular complications
Phakomatoses
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
• Orbital dysplasia• Sphenoid wing defects
• Enlargement of skull foramina
• Macrocephaly
• Lambdoid suture defects
• Orbital osseous defects
Tuberous Sclerosis
• Calcified subependymal nodules• Sclerotic skull lesions
• Thickened calvarium
• Asymmetric changes
• Intracranial calcifications
• Enhanced digital markings
Von Hippel-Lindau
• Cerebellar calcifications• Hemangioblastoma calcification
• Enhanced vascular markings
• Possible hydrocephalus changes
• Posterior fossa remodeling
Skull Base Syndromes
CHARGE Syndrome
• Absent/hypoplastic semicircular canals• Cochlear abnormalities
• Small internal auditory canals
• Temporal bone dysplasia
• Base of skull abnormalities
Goldenhar Syndrome
• Facial asymmetry• Hypoplastic mandibular ramus
• Temporal bone anomalies
• Vertebral anomalies
• Ear canal atresia
Kniest Dysplasia
• Platyspondyly• Short skull base
• Midface hypoplasia
• Cleft palate
• Temporal bone abnormalities
Progressive Disorders
Fibrous Dysplasia
• Ground-glass appearance• Expanded bone
• Sclerotic margins
• Asymmetric involvement
• Shepherd's crook deformity
• Facial asymmetry
Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia
• Skull base sclerosis• Cranial nerve compression
• Enhanced cortical thickness
• Progressive bone expansion
• Hyperostosis
Dysosteosclerosis
• Progressive skull thickening• Platybasia
• Cranial nerve compression
• Dense skull base
• Dental abnormalities
Cranial Vault Anomalies
Kleeblattschädel Deformity
• Trilobed skull shape• Multiple suture synostosis
• Hydrocephalus changes
• Increased intracranial pressure signs
• Base of skull deformity
Cranium Bifidum
• Midline skull defect• Associated encephalocele
• Splitting of cranial bones
• Abnormal suture patterns
• Variable size defects
Luckenschadel (Lacunar Skull)
• Multiple symmetric defects• Thinned inner table
• Normal outer table
• Copper-beaten appearance
• Associated with neural tube defects
Growth Disorders
Primordial Dwarfism
• Microcephaly• Proportionate skull size
• Delayed bone age
• Thin cortex
• Normal mineralization
Russell-Silver Syndrome
• Normal head size• Relative macrocephaly
• Triangular face
• Asymmetric growth
• Delayed bone age
Sotos Syndrome
• Macrocephaly• Dolichocephaly
• Advanced bone age
• Prominent forehead
• Large anterior fontanelle
Histiocytic Disorders
Erdheim-Chester Disease
• Osteosclerotic lesions• Symmetrical involvement
• Facial bone involvement
• Orbital infiltration
• Skull base thickening
Rosai-Dorfman Disease
• Lytic lesions• Sclerotic margins
• Orbital involvement
• Sinus involvement
• Multiple lesions
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
• Lytic lesions• Well-defined margins
• Possible soft tissue mass
• Single or multiple lesions
• Orbital involvement
Rare Metabolic Conditions
Pycnodysostosis
• Increased bone density• Persistent fontanelles
• Multiple wormian bones
• Obtuse mandibular angle
• Craniosynostosis
Dysosteosclerosis
• Sclerotic skull base• Platybasia
• Dental abnormalities
• Progressive changes
• Cranial nerve compression
Frontometaphyseal Dysplasia
• Supraorbital hyperostosis• Sclerotic skull base
• Prominent glabella
• Mandibular hypoplasia
• Progressive hyperostosis
Radiation-Related Changes
Acute Changes
• Bone marrow changes• Soft tissue swelling
• Early demineralization
• Growth plate effects
• Vascular changes
Chronic Changes
• Growth arrest• Asymmetric growth
• Bone sclerosis
• Osteonecrosis
• Secondary malignancies
Post-Radiation Sarcoma
• Lytic lesions• Aggressive periosteal reaction
• Soft tissue mass
• Irregular margins
• Within radiation field
Connective Tissue Disorders
Marfan Syndrome
• Dolichocephaly• High-arched palate
• Downslanting palpebral fissures
• Increased skull length
• Temporal bone abnormalities
• Dental crowding
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
• Wormian bones• Delayed fontanelle closure
• Basilar impression
• Platybasia
• TMJ instability
• Dental abnormalities
Loeys-Dietz Syndrome
• Craniosynostosis• Hypertelorism
• Cleft palate
• Bifid uvula
• Basilar invagination
• Vascular tortuosity
Copper Metabolism Disorders
Menkes Disease
• Wormian bones• Osteoporosis
• Metaphyseal spurring
• Delayed bone age
• Tortuous vessels
• Fractures
Wilson Disease
• Copper deposition effects• Osteoporosis
• Early suture fusion
• Basilar impression
• Dental changes
Occipital Horn Syndrome
• Occipital exostoses• Hammer-shaped clavicles
• Wormian bones
• Delayed bone age
• Osteoporosis
Vitamin-Related Disorders
Hypervitaminosis D
• Increased bone density• Premature suture fusion
• Sclerotic metaphyses
• Vascular calcifications
• Growth line abnormalities
Vitamin K Deficiency
• Sutural diastasis• Intracranial hemorrhage effects
• Possible fractures
• Growth disturbance
• Bone mineralization changes
Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy)
• Osteopenia• Ground-glass skull appearance
• Cortical thinning
• Healing fractures
• Growth recovery lines
Iatrogenic Changes
Post-Lumbar Puncture
• Pneumocephalus• Subdural collections
• Intracranial hypotension signs
• Sinking of brain structures
• Venous engorgement
Post-Embolization
• Embolic material density• Treatment-related changes
• Vascular remodeling
• Associated bone changes
• Potential complications
Growth Hormone Treatment
• Accelerated growth• Skull base changes
• Sutural widening
• Enhanced bone turnover
• Potential complications
Brainstem and Posterior Fossa Syndromes
Joubert Syndrome
• Small posterior fossa• Elevated torcula
• Altered skull base angles
• Vermian hypoplasia effects
• Associated hydrocephalus
Dandy-Walker Malformation
• Enlarged posterior fossa• High position of torcula
• Hydrocephalus changes
• Skull base angle changes
• Associated anomalies
Rhombencephalosynapsis
• Small posterior fossa• Altered skull base configuration
• Potential hydrocephalus
• Associated anomalies
• Craniosynostosis
Focal Developmental Abnormalities
Aplasia Cutis Congenita
• Skull defect• Variable depth
• Associated dural defects
• Healing changes
• Potential complications
Dermoid Sinus
• Midline defect• Bony track
• Associated dermoid
• Intracranial extension
• Potential complications
Congenital Dermal Sinus
• Bony defect• Tract visualization
• Associated masses
• Potential infection
• Healing changes
Dental-Related Findings
Regional Odontodysplasia
• Ghost teeth appearance• Altered bone density
• Delayed eruption
• Associated bone changes
• Growth disturbance
Cleidocranial Dysplasia
• Multiple supernumerary teeth• Delayed tooth eruption
• Wormian bones
• Open sutures/fontanelles
• Maxillary hypoplasia
Cherubism
• Multilocular radiolucencies• Expanded mandible/maxilla
• Displaced teeth
• Cortical thinning
• Age-related changes
Inherited Bone Disorders
Stickler Syndrome
• Midface hypoplasia• Pierre Robin sequence
• Flattened facial profile
• TMJ abnormalities
• Cleft palate
Kenny-Caffey Syndrome
• Microcephaly• Thick cortical bones
• Medullary stenosis
• Delayed closure of fontanelles
• Osteosclerosis
Gracile Bone Dysplasia
• Thin cortical bone• Reduced bone density
• Wormian bones
• Multiple fractures
• Growth disturbance
