Classification of Congenital Heart Diseases
Introduction to Congenital Heart Diseases (CHDs)
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of the heart or great vessels that are present at birth. These defects occur due to abnormal formation of the heart during fetal development. CHDs affect approximately 1% of live births and are a significant cause of infant morbidity and mortality.
The severity of CHDs can range from minor defects that may resolve spontaneously to complex abnormalities requiring immediate intervention after birth. Understanding the classification and characteristics of different CHDs is crucial for proper diagnosis, management, and treatment planning.
Objective QnA: 2. Classification of Congenital Heart Diseases
- What are the two main categories of congenital heart diseases?
Cyanotic and acyanotic - Which congenital heart defect is characterized by right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy?
Tetralogy of Fallot - What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect?
Tetralogy of Fallot - Which acyanotic congenital heart defect is characterized by a left-to-right shunt at the ventricular level?
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) - What is the most common acyanotic congenital heart defect?
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) - Which congenital heart defect involves complete mixing of systemic and pulmonary circulations?
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) - What is the defining feature of Eisenmenger syndrome?
Reversal of shunt direction from left-to-right to right-to-left due to pulmonary hypertension - Which congenital heart defect is characterized by obstruction of the aortic arch?
Coarctation of the aorta - What is the primary hemodynamic consequence of a large atrial septal defect (ASD)?
Right heart volume overload - Which congenital heart defect is often referred to as "blue baby syndrome"?
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) - What is the hallmark of Ebstein's anomaly?
Apical displacement of the septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve - Which congenital heart defect is characterized by a single ventricle pumping blood to both systemic and pulmonary circulations?
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) - What is the primary physiological abnormality in patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
Persistent communication between the aorta and pulmonary artery - Which congenital heart defect is associated with cyanosis and pulmonary oligemia?
Tricuspid atresia - What is the most common cause of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in infants?
Pulmonary valve stenosis - Which congenital heart defect is characterized by underdevelopment of the left side of the heart?
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) - What is the primary hemodynamic consequence of aortic stenosis?
Left ventricular pressure overload - Which congenital heart defect involves abnormal connection of the great arteries to the ventricles?
Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) - What is the defining feature of truncus arteriosus?
A single arterial trunk arising from the heart, supplying systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulations - Which congenital heart defect is characterized by absence of the pulmonary valve?
Pulmonary atresia - What is the primary physiological abnormality in total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)?
All pulmonary veins drain into the right atrium or systemic veins - Which congenital heart defect is associated with DiGeorge syndrome?
Interrupted aortic arch - What is the most common cause of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in children?
Subaortic stenosis - Which congenital heart defect is characterized by a hole in the muscular wall separating the left and right ventricles?
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) - What is the primary hemodynamic consequence of a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
Left heart volume overload - Which congenital heart defect is associated with heterotaxy syndrome?
Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) - What is the defining feature of cor triatriatum?
Division of the left atrium into two chambers by a fibromuscular membrane - Which congenital heart defect is characterized by narrowing of the aortic valve opening?
Aortic stenosis - What is the primary physiological abnormality in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum?
Absence of communication between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery - Which congenital heart defect is associated with Turner syndrome?
Coarctation of the aorta
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