Neurofibromatosis in Children
Introduction to Neurofibromatosis in Children
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a group of genetic disorders that primarily affect the development and growth of neural cell tissues. It is one of the most common genetic disorders, manifesting in childhood and progressing throughout life. There are three types of NF:
- Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)
- Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2)
- Schwannomatosis (a rare type, typically manifesting in adulthood)
NF1 and NF2 are the types most relevant to pediatric populations. These conditions are characterized by the growth of tumors along nerves in various parts of the body, which can affect the skin, bones, and other organs.
Key Features:
- Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern
- Variable expressivity, even within families
- Progressive nature, with new manifestations appearing over time
- Multisystem involvement requiring multidisciplinary care
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) in Children
NF1, also known as von Recklinghausen's disease, is the most common type of neurofibromatosis, affecting approximately 1 in 3,000 children.
Genetics and Pathophysiology
NF1 is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene on chromosome 17q11.2. This gene encodes neurofibromin, a tumor suppressor protein that regulates the RAS signaling pathway. About 50% of cases are due to spontaneous mutations.
Clinical Features in Children
- Café-au-lait macules: Often the earliest sign, present in 99% of patients by age 1
- Axillary or inguinal freckling: Typically appears between ages 3-5
- Lisch nodules: Iris hamartomas, usually develop by age 6
- Neurofibromas: May begin to appear in late childhood or early adolescence
- Optic pathway gliomas: Most common in children under 7 years
- Skeletal abnormalities: Scoliosis, tibial pseudarthrosis
- Cognitive and behavioral issues: Learning disabilities, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders
Complications in Childhood
- Growth abnormalities: Short stature, macrocephaly
- Precocious puberty
- Hypertension
- Visual impairment due to optic pathway gliomas
- Plexiform neurofibromas: Can cause disfigurement and functional impairment
- Academic difficulties
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) in Children
NF2 is less common than NF1, affecting approximately 1 in 25,000 to 40,000 individuals. While it typically presents in early adulthood, up to 18% of cases have onset in childhood.
Genetics and Pathophysiology
NF2 is caused by mutations in the NF2 gene on chromosome 22q12.2. This gene encodes merlin, a tumor suppressor protein involved in contact-dependent inhibition of proliferation.
Clinical Features in Children
- Vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas): Bilateral in 95% of cases, but may not be present in young children
- Other central nervous system tumors:
- Meningiomas
- Ependymomas
- Astrocytomas
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Ocular abnormalities:
- Posterior subcapsular lens opacities
- Retinal hamartomas
- Epiretinal membranes
- Cutaneous manifestations:
- Café-au-lait macules (less common and fewer than in NF1)
- Cutaneous schwannomas
Complications in Childhood
- Hearing loss: Often the presenting symptom in children
- Visual impairment
- Balance and coordination problems
- Facial nerve palsy
- Increased intracranial pressure due to meningiomas or ependymomas
- Spinal cord compression from schwannomas
Diagnosis of Neurofibromatosis in Children
Diagnostic Criteria for NF1
Diagnosis of NF1 is based on clinical criteria. Two or more of the following are required:
- Six or more café-au-lait macules (>5mm in prepubertal individuals, >15mm in postpubertal individuals)
- Two or more neurofibromas of any type or one plexiform neurofibroma
- Freckling in the axillary or inguinal regions
- Optic pathway glioma
- Two or more Lisch nodules
- A distinctive osseous lesion (sphenoid dysplasia or tibial pseudarthrosis)
- A first-degree relative with NF1
Diagnostic Approach for NF2
Diagnosis of NF2 in children can be challenging due to the later onset of characteristic features. The following are considered:
- Family history of NF2
- Presence of vestibular schwannomas (unilateral or bilateral)
- Presence of other characteristic NF2-associated tumors
- Genetic testing for NF2 mutations
Diagnostic Tools
- Detailed physical and neurological examination
- Ophthalmological evaluation, including slit-lamp examination
- Audiological assessment
- Imaging studies:
- MRI of the brain and spine
- CT scan for bony lesions
- Genetic testing: Can confirm diagnosis and aid in genetic counseling
Management of Neurofibromatosis in Children
General Principles
- Multidisciplinary approach involving pediatricians, neurologists, geneticists, ophthalmologists, and other specialists
- Regular surveillance for tumor development and progression
- Early intervention for complications
- Symptomatic treatment of specific manifestations
Management of NF1
- Annual physical and neurological examinations
- Annual ophthalmological evaluations until age 8, then as clinically indicated
- Monitoring of growth and development
- Management of specific complications:
- Surgical removal of symptomatic neurofibromas
- Treatment of optic pathway gliomas (observation, chemotherapy, or rarely, surgery)
- Orthopedic management of scoliosis and other skeletal abnormalities
- Educational support for learning disabilities
- Behavioral interventions for ADHD and autism spectrum disorders
- Novel therapies:
- MEK inhibitors (e.g., selumetinib) for plexiform neurofibromas
- mTOR inhibitors under investigation for various NF1 manifestations
Management of NF2
- Regular neurological examinations
- Annual audiological and vestibular evaluations
- Annual ophthalmological examinations
- MRI surveillance of the brain and spine
- Management of specific complications:
- Hearing preservation strategies (e.g., cochlear implants, auditory brainstem implants)
- Surgical removal of symptomatic tumors
- Stereotactic radiosurgery for small vestibular schwannomas
- Novel therapies: Bevacizumab for vestibular schwannomas
Neurofibromatosis in Children
- Question: What are the two main types of Neurofibromatosis? Answer: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) and Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2)
- Question: Which type of Neurofibromatosis is more common in children? Answer: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)
- Question: What is the genetic basis of Neurofibromatosis Type 1? Answer: Mutations in the NF1 gene on chromosome 17
- Question: What is the pattern of inheritance for Neurofibromatosis Type 1? Answer: Autosomal dominant
- Question: What percentage of NF1 cases are due to spontaneous mutations? Answer: Approximately 50%
- Question: What are café-au-lait spots in the context of NF1? Answer: Light brown pigmented patches on the skin
- Question: How many café-au-lait spots are typically required for a diagnosis of NF1 in a child? Answer: Six or more, measuring at least 5 mm in prepubertal children or 15 mm in postpubertal individuals
- Question: What are Lisch nodules in NF1? Answer: Small, benign tumors on the iris of the eye
- Question: At what age do Lisch nodules typically appear in children with NF1? Answer: By age 6 years in most patients
- Question: What is the most common tumor type associated with NF1? Answer: Neurofibromas
- Question: What are the three main types of neurofibromas in NF1? Answer: Cutaneous, subcutaneous, and plexiform neurofibromas
- Question: Which type of neurofibroma in NF1 has a risk of malignant transformation? Answer: Plexiform neurofibromas
- Question: What is the estimated incidence of NF1? Answer: Approximately 1 in 3,000 births
- Question: What is a common skeletal manifestation of NF1 in children? Answer: Scoliosis
- Question: What is the term for the characteristic bone lesions seen in NF1? Answer: Pseudarthrosis
- Question: What percentage of children with NF1 have learning disabilities? Answer: Approximately 50-60%
- Question: What is the most common central nervous system tumor in children with NF1? Answer: Optic pathway glioma
- Question: At what age do optic pathway gliomas typically develop in children with NF1? Answer: Before 6 years of age
- Question: What is the recommended frequency of ophthalmological examinations for children with NF1? Answer: Annually until age 8, then every 2 years
- Question: What is the name of the benign tumor that can develop on the acoustic nerve in NF2? Answer: Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)
- Question: What is the primary difference between NF1 and NF2 in terms of affected genes? Answer: NF1 is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, while NF2 is caused by mutations in the NF2 gene
- Question: What is the term for the small, freckle-like spots commonly found in the axillary or inguinal regions in NF1? Answer: Axillary or inguinal freckling
- Question: What is the recommended age to start screening for hypertension in children with NF1? Answer: From 3 years of age
- Question: What is the name of the benign tumor that can develop on the optic nerve in children with NF1? Answer: Optic glioma
- Question: What is the recommended frequency of height and weight measurements for children with NF1? Answer: At each clinic visit, typically every 6-12 months
- Question: What is the primary goal of treatment for NF1 in children? Answer: Early detection and management of complications
- Question: What type of specialist typically coordinates care for children with NF1? Answer: Pediatric neurologist or geneticist
- Question: What is the risk of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) in individuals with NF1? Answer: 8-13% lifetime risk
- Question: What imaging technique is most useful for detecting plexiform neurofibromas in NF1? Answer: MRI
- Question: What is the recommended management for asymptomatic optic pathway gliomas in children with NF1? Answer: Close observation with regular ophthalmological and MRI follow-ups
